___ ___ _______________ ________ / / / / / _____________/ / ___ | / / / / / / / / | | _ / / / / / / / / | | |_| / / / / / / / / | | _ / /__________/ / / /______ / /______| | | | / ___________ / / _______/ / ________ | | | / / / / / / / / | | | | / / / / / / / / | | | | / / / / / / / / | | | | / / / / / /_____________ / / | | |_| /__/ /__/ /________________/ /__/ |__| N E W S ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||| Volume 4, Number 6, June 1999 ||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| A publication of the INTERNATIONAL HEALTH ECONOMICS ASSOCIATION (iHEA) **** Back issues of iHEA NEWS are archived on the iHEA WWW homepage: **** **** < http://healtheconomics.org> **** EDITORIAL BOARD W. David Bradford, Ph.D. Center for Health Care Research, Medical University of South Carolina Jim Burgess, Ph.D. Management Science Group, Department of Veterans Affairs NOTES TO CONTRIBUTORS The editors must hear from you so that iHEA NEWS can effectively serve as a medium of communication for iHEA members. We are soliciting contributions from all members who have information relevant to the membership at large. There are a number of specific items we are seeking: * Announcement of job openings; * Announcement of conferences or seminars in health economics; * Calls for papers by journals and book editors; * Announcements of new appointments and promotions; * Articles describing activities or new initiatives at your institution, Center or firm (perhaps describing your departmental or university programs in health economics, discussing new pedagogical tools used in health economics education, describing new governmental policy initiatives or programs, and so forth). Please send any contributions via e-mail to the editors: W. David Bradford or James Burgess . ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||| Contents for the Issue ||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| FEATURE ARTICLES: NEW PUBLICATIONS FROM THE OFFICE OF HEALTH ECONOMICS iHEA AND GENERAL ANNOUNCEMENTS iHEA WORLD CONFERENCE -- ROTTERDAM -- JUNE 6-9, 1999 CALLS FOR PAPERS 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HEALTH ECONOMICS 4TH INTERN. CONF. STRATEGIC ISSUES IN HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT JOBS THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE ECONOMISTS ADVISORY GROUP, LTD. FORTUNE PERSONNEL CONSULTANTS MATHEMATICA POLICY RESEARCH SCHERING CANADA INC CONFERENCES HEALTH ECONOMICS OF PHARMACEUTICALS INTERN. SEMINAR ON HEALTH ECONOMICS -- CHOICES IN HEALTH CARE SUBSCRIPTION AND MEMBERSHIP INFORMATION ------------------------------------------------------------------------- This newsletter is typeset in Courier 10 point font, and reads best that format. If the document is not well-aligned, reset your mail reader to display a non-proportional font (such as Courier). ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ========================================================================= FEATURE ARTICLES ========================================================================= NEW PUBLICATIONS FROM THE OFFICE OF HEALTH ECONOMICS The Office of Health Economics (OHE) was founded in 1962 and is based at: 12 Whitehall, London, SW1A 2DY, England; telephone +44 171 930 9203. E-mail enquiries about the OHE's research may be directed to Jon Sussex (Associate Director) at: jsussex@abpi.org.uk. Enquiries about publications should be directed to Elizabeth Aulsford (Secretary) at: laulsford@abpi.org.uk. The OHE's terms of reference are to: commission and undertake research on the economics of health and health care; collect and analyse health and health care data; disseminate the results of this work and stimulate discussion of them and their policy implications. In furtherance of this, the OHE publishes health economics monographs. Publications in February-May 1999 are listed below. UPDATING THE COST OF A NEW CHEMICAL ENTITY By Dr Hannah Kettler Unfortunately, even the best estimates in the existing literature of what it costs to discover, develop and bring to market a new medicine are out of date. Dr Kettler concludes that the average cost to bring a new chemical entity (NCE) to market in the late 1990s far exceeds that of the inflation-adjusted figures based on these old studies. The actual average cost per NCE may approach $600 million (in 1997 US dollars). Key factors pushing up R&D cost per average NCE include: 7 growing discovery and development times in the 1980s and early 1990s; 7 increases in the required number and complexity of clinical trials for regulatory approval and market acceptance; 7 expenditure on new discovery technologies not yet outweighed by the predicted benefits of quicker, more productive discovery; 7 shifts in investment priorities from acute to chronic and degenerative illnesses. DISEASE MANAGEMENT, THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY AND THE NHS by Anne Mason, Adrian Towse and Professor Michael Drummond 'Disease management' is a term with ambiguous meanings. For some, it describes how the British National Health Service (NHS) is already managing care. For others, it is 'strategic planning' by the pharmaceutical industry to market its products in a different way. In this report, the authors report on a survey of senior managers in the NHS and the pharmaceutical industry which explored the practical relevance of disease management to the NHS. The main findings include that: 7 most survey respondents think that disease management involves caring for patients across traditional boundaries, using clinical guidelines for the cost-effective treatment of the disease, and looking at total costs and treatment outcomes to assess the effectiveness of the application; 7 the key barrier to disease management within the NHS is the division between primary and secondary care. Government opposition to industry involvement was not seen as a barrier. There was, however, strong agreement that the NHS was suspicious of pharmaceutical companies. The paper sets out details of 20 disease management initiatives in the NHS involving the pharmaceutical industry. ORGANISATIONAL COSTS IN THE NEW NHS: An Introduction to the Transaction Costs and Internal Costs of Delivering Health Care By Dr Bronwyn Croxson Cutting "bureaucracy" to release funds for patient care is a popular cause. But effective management is essential in delivering health care and it is costly. There may be waste in organisation and management in the UK National Health Service (NHS), as in any activity. But there may just as well be a need for more management, not less, to ensure that the right care is delivered to the right people in a co-ordinated, efficient way. Bronwyn Croxson (research fellow and economist at the Institute of Child Health, London) looks at how economists analyse the costs of organisation. She then applies this analysis to the new NHS structure being created by the British government's current reforms. The government claims that its NHS reforms will save 1 billion (GBP) in bureaucracy over the lifetime of this Parliament. But Bronwyn Croxson reports that there is no evidence that the real organisational costs of delivering health care will be reduced as a result of these reforms. Indeed, they may actually rise. TRADE MARK LEGISLATION AND THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY By Shelley Lane, with Jeremy Phillips Within the European Union, the First Council Directive on the Approximation of Trade Mark Laws, No. 89/104 ('the Directive') forms the basis of trade mark law. In the UK the Trade Marks Act 1994 implements that Directive. In this OHE report, Shelley Lane (Senior Lecturer in Law and specialist in intellectual property at Queen Mary and Westfield College, London) looks at the impact on the pharmaceutical industry of the 1994 Act, the Directive and the relevant decisions of the European Court of Justice. Jeremy Phillips, intellectual property consultant at the law firm Slaughter and May and editor of European Trade Mark Reports, provides additional inputs. Points of special interest to the pharmaceutical industry include: 7 Trade mark owners may not use their trade marks to try and prevent parallel importation of their products within the European Economic Area. 7 Pharmaceutical trade marks are particularly vulnerable to objections by Trade Mark Registries because of the difficulty of finding a mark which is distinctive and alludes to the nature of the pharmaceutical product in question without being descriptive. 7 Pharmaceutical trade marks are prone to revocation for non-use because of the inevitable long gap between registration of the trade mark and the time at which the product can lawfully be marketed. ========================================================================= iHEA ANNOUNCEMENTS ========================================================================= iHEA WORLD CONFERENCE -- ROTTERDAM -- JUNE 6-9, 1999 We look forward to seeing as many of you as possible at the upcoming World Conference. Last minute program details are available on the Conference web site: http://www.expo-hoc.nl/ihea/main.htm At this site you can download details of the special Cochrane Session which has been added to the Conference at a parallel time to the Tuesday poster session. For more details on this special session contact Luke Vale at l.vale@abdn.ac.uk Other session details may be downloaded off of the Preliminary programme page at: http://www.expo-hoc.nl/ihea/programme.htm These include the PRELIMINARY PROGRAMME in MS WORD, the OVERVIEW schedule in MS WORD, and the POSTER SESSIONS in MS EXCEL. Conference reservation questions should be directed to Lisette Smits at: 31-70-376-6730 In addition, iHEA would like to invite all attendees to: The iHEA General Meeting Monday, June 7, 1999, 1730 - 1830. Location will be announced at the conference. AND: Representatives of national health economics associations interested in a conjoint affiliation with iHEA are welcome to attend a information reception Wednesday, June 9, 1999, 1315 - 1400. Current affiliates should also attend. Location to be announced at the conference. We hope to see you all in Rotterdam!! ========================================================================= CALLS FOR PAPERS ========================================================================= 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HEALTH ECONOMICS College des Economistes de la Santi in PARIS, FRANCE from 3. Feb. 2000 to 4. Feb. 2000. Deadline for paper submission: 30. June 1999. Further information at:http://www.dauphine.fr/ces/ CONTACT: Philippe ULMANN Secritaire Giniral Collhge des Economistes de la Santi LEGOS Universiti Paris IX - Dauphine Place du Mal de Lattre de Tassigny 75116 Paris Til. 01-44-05-47-86 (ou 01-49-76-80-77) Fax 01-44-05-41-27 (ou 01-49-76-80-46) E-mail : ces@dauphine.fr Web : http://www.dauphine.fr/ces/ ------------------------------------- 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE STRATEGIC ISSUES IN HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS 30TH MARCH -1ST APRIL 2000 EFFICIENCY, QUALITY & ACCESS IN HEALTH CARE SIHCM 2000 Conference aimed at: Economists, health care researchers, policy makers, managers & decision makers. Health care industry strategists and analysts. Major issues: Health care policy, Health care financing, Health care organisation & governance,Health care evaluation, Health care quality, Health care efficiency,Health care access & equity, Health care development Key-themes Health care reform - Health care reorganisation - Demand, priority setting & rationing - Access and Equality - Primary care development - Issues in managed care - Disease management - Managing health care markets - Evidence based practice - Quality improvement - Medical and clinical audit - Economic evaluation - Clinical effectiveness - Clinical governance - Innovative service delivery - Promoting change - Performance indicators - Outcomes management - Performance management - Issues in accountability - Quality & efficiency - Health Technology Assessment - Information Technology, Management Information Systems and Telemedicine - Patient satisfaction - Consumer issues in health care - Human Resource issues in health care Conference proceedings Selected papers from the conference will again be published in an Edited volume of Conference Proceedings, or may be eligible for inclusion in a special issue of the journal Health Care Management Science. The conference proceedings will be provided free to all attending delegates. Call for papers Papers are invited which explore these and other health care issues. Abstracts of not more than 250 words (no tables or figures) are required by 30th November 1999. Authors whose papers are selected for presentation will be notified by 31st December. Full papers for consideration for publication are required by 29th February 2000. Submissions are welcome on paper, or disk (PC with paper copy) or by email. Please include full postal and email addresses, telephone/fax numbers and your affiliation. For further information, registration forms or abstract submission, visit our Website: Web site: http://www.st-and.ac.uk/~wwwmgt/text/hconf20.htm or Email: SIHCM@st-and.ac.uk or write to SIHCM 2000, Department of Management, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9AL, Scotland, UK Editors: Dr HTO Davies, Dr M Tavakoli & Prof. M Malek, Department of Management, University of St Andrews Dr M. Tavakoli Dept. of Management University of St Andrews St Andrews, Fife KY16 9AL Scotland Tel. 01334-462810 E-mail: mt@st-and.ac.uk ========================================================================= JOBS ========================================================================= THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY NATIONAL CENTRE FOR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION HEALTH DIRECTOR Applications are invited for appointment to the position of Director of the National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health (NCEPH). NCEPH draws its staff from the disciplines of epidemiology, biostatistics, sociology, anthropology, health economics and demography and also has staff with skills in interdisciplinary research. The University is seeking an intellectual leader with a strong commitment to the Centre's mission of contributing to better health, nationally and internationally, through research contributions to epidemiology and other population health disciplines, and to public health policy and practice. Applicants should have a distinguished record of research and publication in one or more of the fields related to epidemiology and population health. They should also have experience in research management and raising external funds, as well as a commitment to postgraduate training. The ability to promote the interests and priorities of the Centre and to interact effectively with government and other stakeholders in public health is also important. The successful candidate will be offered an appointment as Professor of the University. The term of office as Director will be fixed by the University in consultation with the successful candidate. For access to full documentation, see the NCEPH Web site http://www-nceph.anu.edu.au or contact Donna Webster, Tel: (02) 6249 5966; Email: Donna.Webster@anu.edu.au. Further particulars, including selection criteria, should be obtained before applying. Closing date: 30 July 1999 Ref.: NCEPH 10.5.1 --------------------------------- BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM Vacancy: Health Economics Project Manager Join our worldwide team to shape the future. Our shared ambition: Value through innovation. Boehringer Ingelheim is seeking an experienced and highly motivated Health Economics Project Manager who will help us in further developing the role and function of Health Economics (HE) within Boehringer Ingelheim worldwide. The successful candidate will be responsible for * Elaborate strategic concepts in HE for our innovative products * Document the economic and humanistic value of our products to achieve rapid market access and penetration * Integrate economic and Quality of Life measures into clinical development programmes in co-operation with international project teams * Support international teams in commercial assessments, product pricing /reimbursement and market-based HE activities * Present the results to a wide range of audiences (internal and external) Background / Profile: * Formal qualification in natural science, pharmacy, medicine or economics; background in clinical research is highly desirable, in respiratory medicine * At least 3 years experience in HE gained in the pharmaceutical industry or consultancy * Analytical and creative thinking ability, good planning, organizational and excellent communication skills * Tenacity, ability to work together with other disciplines in an international environment. We can offer a stimulating career development with a suitable remuneration and benefits package. Openings are available for this Corporate Function at the company's headquarters in Ingelheim/Germany (near Frankfurt) or at the US operation in Ridgefield, CT/USA. If you are interested in this challenging opportunity and your profile /experience corresponds to the above, please submit your application to: Dr. Peter Koch Head Corporate Health Economics Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH D-55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany Phone: +49 6132 776016 Fax: +49 6132 774233 E-mail: kochpet@ing.boehringer-ingelheim.com For company information: www.boehringer-ingelheim.com --------------------------------- CONGRESSIOINAL BUDGET OFFICE The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) is a nonpartisan agency that provides the Congress with economic and budgetary analysis. IT offers a lively research environment and unique contact with the policymaking process. To get a better idea of the work performed by CBO, please visit our Web site (www.cbo.gov). We have openings for Ph.D. and A.B.D. economists to analyze and conduct research on issues related to public finance and tax policies, national security, natural resources and commerce, health and human resources, and fiscal policy. Permanent appointments as well as one- or two-year appointments as a visiting scholar are available. For more details, visit the job opportunities section of our Web site or contact our Personnel Director, Mr. Jan Bohren, at 202/226-2628, or by E-mail (jobs@cbo.gov). CBO is an equal opportunity employer. --------------------------------- ECONOMISTS ADVISORY GROUP, LTD. EAG Research Consultant EAG is looking for a Research Consultant to join its specialist team providing health economics consultancy to the pharmaceutical industry. As one of the UK's longest established economics consultancies we have a blue chip client base and a track record of important health economic studies published in peer-reviewed journals. We also work in other areas of economic analysis, for the public as well as the private sector, and bring strong academic credentials to our assignments. Visit our website at www.eag.co.uk for more information. The Research Consultant position requires practical experience of all or some of the following: * cost of illness analysis * cost-effectiveness analysis * meta-analysis * treatment pathway and decision modeling The preferred candidate will also be able to write intelligent reports, building on quantitative analysis, and will be a strong team player. An increasing proportion of our work is international and as part of Beaufort Group, a fast-developing plc, we are involved in several continental European markets. However, this position is based in London. The salary is negotiable. Applications with a full CV and covering letter stating current salary should be sent in confidence to: Jeremy Holmes Managing Director Economists Advisory Group Ltd Southside, 105 Victoria Street London SW1E 6QT Email: jeremyH@eag.co.uk --------------------------------- FORTUNE PERSONNEL CONSULTANTS PhD DIRECTOR OF PHARMACOECONOMICS - Major US (NE) Pharma-$120,000+ (Bonus, stock options, stock awards) Reports to the Senior Director Pharmacoeconomics and will work in the Pharmacoeconomics and Quality of Life Research group. Working across all phases of clinical research and with the marketing teams, the primary objective is to create customer relevant advantages by defining product promise in terms of new metrics of cost, effectiveness, quality of life, functional status and projected clinical outcomes. 3-5 years experience in commercial or research environments. Contact PETE SEIDEL, Fortune Personnel Consultants 1-541-330-8847, or 1-800-990-8847 CV's to: fortune@coinet.com ------------------------------------- MATHEMATICA POLICY RESEARCH Health Economists/Health Services Researchers Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. (MPR) has openings for researchers in its Princeton NJ, Washington DC, and Cambridge MA offices. MPR is an employee-owned, social policy research firm with more than 75 Ph.D.-level staff and a 30-year history of excellence in social policy research. More information on MPR's activities is available at www.mathematica-mpr.com. We are particularly interested in researchers with experience in mental health/substance abuse, post-acute and long-term care services, disability, adolescent health, health insurance, managed care, and state health policy. Candidates with a doctorate (or equivalent experience) in economics, public health, health policy, or other relevant discipline will be considered. Candidates must have excellent written and verbal communication skills and the ability to work well in teams. We offer a competitive salary commensurate with qualifications and a comprehensive benefits package. Interested candidates should send a cover letter, resume, and writing sample to: Doreen Ambrose Mathematica Policy Research P.O. Box 2393 Princeton, NJ 08543-2393 Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer. Margo L. Rosenbach, Ph.D. Vice President Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. Phone: 617-491-7900 Fax: 617-491-8044 Email: mrosenbach@mathematica-mpr.com ------------------------------------- SCHERING CANADA INC Health Economist vacancy, Montreal Contractual (six month contract with option to renew). Salary range:16. Control point: $53,892 Description: This position reports to the Manager of Health Economics. You will prepare provincial formulary drug submissions, assist in the design and implementation of pharmacoeconomics and quality-of-life analyses on new or existing products and contribute to economic assessments of the decision-making process for the development of new products. Prerequisites: Science degree (Bachelor degree in Pharmacy an asset). Pharmaceutical industry experience an asset. Knowledge in either Statistics or Economics is an asset. Impeccable English both written and spoken. Bilingualism an asset. If you are interested in this opportunity, please contact the undersigned in writing, quoting the position for which you are applying, before June 1st,1999. An updated copy of your resume is required. Kurt Lucas Manager Health Economics Schering Canada Inc. 3535 Trans Canada Pointe Claire QC H9R 1B4 kurt.lucas@spcorp.com ========================================================================= CONFERENCES ========================================================================= HEALTH ECONOMICS OF PHARMACEUTICALS 15-day executive program at the Stockholm School of Economics Intensive residential program for managers in the pharmaceutical industry and private and public health care organisations, with an international faculty under the responsibility of Prof. Bengt Jvnsson. 1999 sessions: Spring 3/1-5, 4/12-16, 5/31-6/4; Fall 10/11-18, 11/22-29. Information: Christina Holfve, tel +46 8 736 9136, fax +46 8 33 10 94, e-mail vuch@hhs.se ------------------------------------- INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON HEALTH ECONOMICS -- CHOICES IN HEALTH CARE This important seminar based in the historic English city of York will examine the role of economics in the formulation of health care policy, both in terms of how it can be used to inform clinical practice (evidence based medicine) and policy (evidence based policy). The main topics will include: The goals of health care policy: cost containment, efficiency & equity. The principles that should determine patient access to care: effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and equity weighted efficiency. The principles and practise of economic evaluation. Providing incentives: the costs and benefits of alternative ways of financing providers, both physicians and hospitals; the public - private interface. The control of health damaging behaviours: how and why? The programme will be of particular interest to those responsible for planning and managing health resources, health service managers, policy makers in central and regional health ministries, hospital administrators and senior clinicians. Fee: 1450(GBP) -- Residential. CONTACT: Robert Pinheiro Promotions Manager, International Seminars, Tel: 01865 302704 Fax: 01865 557368 e-mail robert.pinheiro@britcoun.org ========================================================================= SUBSCRIPTION AND MEMBERSHIP INFORMATION ========================================================================= A subscription to iHEA NEWS is included as a benefit of membership in iHEA. iHEA has been formed to increase communication among health economists, foster a higher standard of debate in the application of economics to health and health care systems, and assist young researchers at the start of their careers. Activities of the association include: - Present the annual "Kenneth J. Arrow Award for Best Paper in Health Economics." - Hold biennial conferences, the first May 19-23, 1996 in Vancouver, B.C. (640 delegates attended), and the second in June 6-9 1999 at Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the third 2001 at CHE, York, England. - Assist in the distribution of Journal of Health Economics and Health Economics, and provide both publications at discounts to members. - Publish a biannual newsletter, HEAL (Health Economics Analysis Letters), and a monthly electronic newsletter, iHEA NEWS listing upcoming meetings, recent paper presentations, jobs, and professional commentary. - Publish a series of books in health economics and a World Directory of Health Economists listing individuals and organizations. - Assist in the distribution of eHEL, electronic Health Economics Letters, an electronic journal with internet dissemination and peer-review of economic studies of policy, effectiveness, technology, market structures and pharmaceuticals around the world. The association will be involved in organizing other conferences and sessions at affiliated meetings, obtaining peer-reviewers for journals and grants, and similar professional activities. The founding officers are: Director, Thomas Getzen, Temple University; President, Joseph Newhouse, Harvard University; Vice-President: Alan Maynard, University of York; Vice-President, Mark Pauly, University of Pennsylvania; Secretary, Charles Hall, Temple University; Treasurer, Michael Morrisey, University of Alabama-Birmingham. Other sponsoring universities and organizations include Abt Associates, Inc.; American Medical Association; Barents Group, LLC; The MEDSTAT Group, Inc.; RAND Corporation; John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.; Carnegie Mellon University; Harvard University; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign; University of Pennsylvania; University of Michigan; VA Management Science Group; Mustard Seed Inc., and U.S. Healthcare Corporation. To join as a member of iHEA, fill in the form below and send in by e-mail or fax. For further information please contact: Bill Swan Associate Director - International Health Economics Association 3rd Floor, Abramsky Hall, Queen's University Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6 CANADA (613) 533-6675 Tel (613) 533-6353 Fax swanb@post.queensu.ca ___cut___cut______cut_____cut______cut____cut______cut______ International Health Economics Association (iHEA) Application for Membership __________________________________________________ Some genders are difficult to establish from the titles Professor and Dr. Please indicate your gender if you feel this may be an issue with your name: [ ] Male [ ] Female Title: First name (and initials): Last name: Degree(s): Nickname: Current Position: Organization: Department: Mailing Address Office/Suite Number: Street Number: Street Name: City: State/Province: Postal/Zip Code: Country: This is my Office Home address. 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NOTE: MEMBERSHIP DUES AND JOURNAL SUBSCRIPTION COSTS ARE SUBJECT TO INCREASE WITHOUT NOTICE FAX, E-MAIL OR SEND TO: Bill Swan Associate Director - International Health Economics Association 3rd Floor, Abramsky Hall, Queen's University Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6 CANADA (613) 533-6675 Tel (613) 533-6353 Fax swanb@post.queensu.ca iHEA Web Site: http://www.healtheconomics.org/ _______________________________________________________________________ iHEA is a charitable 501(c)3 non-profit corporation. ========================================================= W. David Bradford Associate Professor Center for Health Care Research Medical University of South Carolina 135 Rutledge Avenue, Room 1201 PO Box 250550 Charleston, SC 29425 Phone: 843-876-1209 Fax: 843-876-1201 E-mail: bradfowd@musc.edu =========================================================