___ ___ _______________ ________
/ / / / / _____________/ / ___ |
/ / / / / / / / | |
_ / / / / / / / / | |
|_| / / / / / / / / | |
_ / /__________/ / / /______ / /______| |
| | / ___________ / / _______/ / ________ |
| | / / / / / / / / | |
| | / / / / / / / / | |
| | / / / / / / / / | |
| | / / / / / /_____________ / / | |
|_| /__/ /__/ /________________/ /__/ |__|
electronic HEALTH
ECONOMICS
ANALYSIS
LETTERS
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|||||||||||| Volume 2, Number 12, December 1997 |||||||||||
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
A publication of the INTERNATIONAL HEALTH ECONOMICS ASSOCIATION (iHEA)
**** Back issues of eHEAL are archived on the iHEA WWW homepage at: ****
**** <http://orbit.unh.edu>. ****
EDITORIAL BOARD
W. David Bradford, Ph.D.
Department of Economics, University of New Hampshire
Jim Burgess, Ph.D.
Management Science Group, Department of Veterans Affairs
NOTES TO CONTRIBUTORS
The editors must hear from you so that eHEAL can effectively serve as a
medium of communication for iHEA members. We are soliciting contributions
>from all members who have information relevant to the membership at large.
There are a number of specific items we are seeking:
* Announcement of job openings;
* Announcement of conferences or seminars in health economics;
* Calls for papers by journals and book editors;
* Announcements of new appointments and promotions;
* Articles describing activities or new initiatives at your
institution, Center or firm (perhaps describing your departmental or
university programs in health economics, discussing new pedagogical tools
used in health economics education, describing new governmental policy
initiatives or programs, and so forth).
Please send any contributions via e-mail to the editors: W. David
Bradford <wdb@christa.unh.edu> or James Burgess <burgess@world.std.com>.
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|||||||||||||||| Contents for the Issue |||||||||||||||||
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
iHEA AND GENERAL ANNOUNCEMENTS
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON - PHARMACEUTICAL ECONOMICS AND
OUTCOMES PHD PROGRAM
INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON AGEING OF THE WORLD POPULATION
SEVENTH EUROPEAN WORKSHOP ON ECONOMETRICS AND HEALTH ECONOMICS
JOBS
ANALYSIS GROUP ECONOMICS
APPALACHIAN STATE UNIVERSITY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - LOS ANGELES
CANADIAN SOCIETY FOR INTERNATIONAL HEALTH
CENTRE FOR HEALTH AND POPULATION RESEARCH
COLLEGE OF THE HOLY CROSS
CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (USA)
UNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIRE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS - CHICAGO
UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA - CHAPEL HILL
PUBLIC POLICY INSTITUTE OF CALIFORNIA
SASKATCHEWAN POPULATION HEALTH AND EVALUATION RESEARCH UNIT
UNIVERSITY OF SCRANTON
TRIANGLE ECONOMIC RESEARCH
TULANE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER
TULANE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER
WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY
YALE UNIVERSITY
FORTHCOMING ARICLES
JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS, VOL. 15, NO. 5
MEDICAL CARE RESEARCH AND REVIEW, DECEMBER 1997
MEDICAL CARE RESEARCH AND REVIEW, MARCH 1998
SUBSCRIPTION AND MEMBERSHIP INFORMATION
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
This newsletter is typeset in Courier 10 point font, and reads best
that format. If the document is not well-aligned, reset your mail
reader to display a non-proportional font (such as Courier).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
============================================================================
iHEA ANNOUNCEMENTS
============================================================================
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON - PHARMACEUTICAL ECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES PHD
PROGRAM
Announcement:
The University of Washington offers a Ph.D. program in Pharmaceutical
Outcomes Research and Policy for students with backgrounds in pharmacy,
medicine, quantitative sciences, economics, and business. Students may
focus in one of three areas: economic evaluation of pharmaceuticals and
other medical technologies, pharmacoepidemiology, and drug policy.
To receive a program brochure and application materials, please contact us
at: Pharmaceutical Outcomes Ph.D. Program, Department of Pharmacy, Box
357630, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; telephone
206-616-1383; fax 206-543-3835; e-mail, crbush@u.washington.edu or visit
our Web site at
http://weber.u.washington.edu/~porpp/gradprog.htm
Complete applications must be received by February 12, 1998 for fall 1998
admission.
--------------------------------------------------
INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON AGEING OF THE WORLD POPULATION:
Health and Socio-Economic Issues for the 21 Century in Kobe, Japan
To be held November 10-14, 1998, the symposium aims to utilize data from
both developed and developing countries, indicating the overall implications
of ageing population; to anticipate the future development of the ageing
society as well as the changing needs of the elderly in the coming
millennium; and to make recommendations and guidelines for meeting
challenges brought by global ageing population in the twenty-first century,
for use of UN/WHO and its member countries. Since the year 1999 is dedicated
by the United Nations to the older citizens of the world, a world Summit for
Older Persons is planned to be held. The outcome of the proposed symposium
will constitute an important input to WHO's contribution to the UN
International Year of Older Persons. Further information: WHO Centre for
Health Development in Kobe (WCK), Kobe Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Building, 6-1, Minatojima-Nakamachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe-City, Hyogo-Prefecture
650, Japan, Telephone: +81 78 303 1200 Fax +81 78 303 1306 e-mail:
wck@who.or.jp WWW: http://www.who.or.jp/
--------------------------------------------------
SEVENTH EUROPEAN WORKSHOP ON ECONOMETRICS AND HEALTH ECONOMICS
ANNOUNCEMENT AND CALL FOR PAPERS
9-11 September 1998
STAKES, Helsinki
Local organisers: Unto Hakkinen and Miika Linna
Series organisers: Andrew Jones and Owen O'Donnell
THE PROGRAMME:
This series of workshops is intended to provide a forum for the
development and dissemination of applications of econometrics and other
quantitative methods in health economics. The focus is on applied
econometrics but we are happy to consider health-related applications of
mathematical economics, experimental economics and other quantitative
approaches.
As in previous years, the number of participants will be limited to around
40 to avoid the need for parallel sessions. The programme will consist of
12-15 papers. Each paper will be allocated an hour, made up of a short
presentation by the authors, followed by a response from a nominated
discussant and a general discussion. Papers will be circulated in advance
and taken as read. Participants will be expected to attend the whole
meeting and it is hoped that all participants will play a role as either
author, discussant or chairperson. Subsidies should be available to help
cover the registration and travel costs of those who participate. The
workshop series is supported by sponsorship from the European
Commission.
SELECTION OF PAPERS:
Papers for the 1998 Workshop will be selected on the basis of full drafts.
The deadline for submitting draft papers is 1 July 1998. Authors will have
the opportunity to submit their papers for publication in the "workshop
issue" of Health Economics, and it would be helpful if papers are
prepared according to the journal's notes for contributors.
FURTHER INFORMATION:
Any enquiries concerning the Workshop should be addressed to:
Andrew Jones
Department of Economics and Related Studies
University of York
Heslington
York, YO1 5DD
United Kingdom
Tel: +44-1904-433766
Fax: +44-1904-433759
e-mail: amj1@york.ac.uk
============================================================================
JOBS
============================================================================
ANALYSIS GROUP ECONOMICS
Analysis Group Economics offers a range of pharmacoeconomic services to
pharmaceutical, biotechnology and medical device companies. We also provide
expert economic and financial analysis in all areas of economics
applied to law, including antitrust, intellectual property, and general
commercial litigation in the health care sector. We are seeking an
economist with a graduate degree in economics, finance or management with a
strong foundation in areas such as price theory, cost-benefit analysis, and
statistics. The successful candidate will have exceptional skills in
empirical research and writing. Responsibilities include preparation of
expert reports, client presentations, and expert witness testimony. This
position offers many opportunities to work with leading academics on
challenging projects. We offer a competitive salary and benefits package.
Please visit our web site at www.ag-inc.com. Send letter and resume to:
Recruiting Coordinator
Analysis Group Economics
Dept L., One Brattle Square - Fifth Floor
Cambridge, MA 02138
Listed 11/97. No phone calls please.
--------------------------------------------------
APPALACHIAN STATE UNIVERSITY
The Department of Management of the John A. Walker College of
Business is seeking a faculty member for a tenure track position
teaching Health Care Management (HCM) beginning with the 1998-1999
academic year.
The ideal candidate would possess the following characteristics: (a)
a doctoral degree, (b) disciplinary expertise in the area of health
care management, (c) demonstrated accomplishments in teaching and
research, and (d) some business experience, and (e) enthusiasm for
working with students. Salary commensurate with qualifications.
The John A. Walker College of Business is a part of Appalachian State
University, a member institution of the University of North Carolina.
Appalachian State University is consistently recognized as a leading
regional university in annual U.S. News and World Report surveys.
Appalachian State University, with a student population of
approximately 12,000, is located in the mountains of western North
Carolina in a prosperous year-round resort community. The John A.
Walker College of Business has approximately 2,000 students and is
accredited by the AACSB at both the graduate and undergraduate
levels. The Department of Management has 15 faculty and about 700
majors. The Health Care Management Program is at the undergraduate
level, has approximately 90 majors, and has full membership in the
AUPHA.
Applications should be submitted by mail, and should include; (a) a
cover letter and curriculum vita, (b) evidence of teaching
effectiveness, and (c) the names, addresses, and phone numbers of at
least three professional references. Applications should be
submitted by January 1, 1998, to:
Dr. Lyle Schoenfeldt, Chair
Department of Management
John A. Walker College of Business
Appalachian State University
Boone, NC 28608
APPALACHIAN STATE UNIVERSITY IS AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY, AFFIRMATIVE
ACTION EMPLOYER
--------------------------------------------------
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - LOS ANGELES
The UCLS Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research
in the Department of Medicine is recruiting an investigator to conduct
scholarly work related to issues of cost, cost effectiveness, health
economics and decision making such as decision analysis in medical care.
This tenure track position is supported by an FTE at the University of
California, one of the premiere sites in this country for health services
researchers. The recruitment reflects the continuing and growing
commitment of UCLS to conduct sophisticated, reliable, valid and clinically
sensitive multidisciplinary health services research within the Department
of Medicine. Qualifications include and M.D. or Ph.D. degree, a proven
ability to conduct outstanding scholarly work and to obtain peer-review
funding, and the ability to serve as principal investigator for
multidisciplinary research teams. The divisions are committed to providing
ample time for the person to devote to their research activities in an
excellent collaborative environment. Excellent opportunities to
participate in the training of health services researchers will be
available. Responsibilities will include teaching research methods to post
doctoral fellows in health services research and (for physician candidates
only) clinical supervision of trainees as well as direct patient care.
Opportunities exist for collaboration including with a large group of
active health services researchers and clinicians through the Schools of
Medicine, Policy, Public Health, College of Letters and Sciences, Nursing
and others.
The successful candidate should be beyond fellowship training and have
demonstrated the ability to perform independent work, and receive research
funding. We are seeking an appointment at the Assistant, Associate or Full
Professor level. Appointments at the Associate and Full Professor level
provide tenure. In addition to salary and benefits commensurate with rank,
UCLA has compensations plans for both M.D. and Ph.D. faculty that provide
the opportunity for supplementing the UCLA base salary. Interested
applicants are invited to send curriculum vitae to Dr. Katharine Kahn,
Chair, Search Committee, UCLA Division of GIM, Box 951736, B-957 Factor
Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1763.
UCLA is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer.
--------------------------------------------------
CANADIAN SOCIETY FOR INTERNATIONAL HEALTH
The Canadian Society for International Health (CSIH) is currently
conducting a search for a new Executive Director. With an annual
budget in excess of $2.0 million, the CSIH is active in several
capacities. These include: serving as the technical representative
in Canada for the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO); managing
health reform projects in the Ukraine and Bolivia; networking among
professionals and organizations active in health in development;
international health advocacy; support and conduct of training and
placement opportunities for students and recent graduates in
international health; and supporting Divisions of Tropical Medicine
and Higher Education & Research.
The Executive Director will be responsible for overall management
and the continued operation of the Society.
Applicants should possess a master's degree, have senior management
experience that includes personnel and finance, and have participated
in and managed human development projects overseas. Important assets
include knowledge of governmental, multi-lateral, and non-
governmental agencies active in health in development, familiarity
with electronic means of communication, networking skills, program
development and successful funding. Candidates should be bilingual
(French and English), with fluency in Spanish considered an
additional asset. This is a full-time position. Salary is
competitive, will be commensurate with experience, and includes an
excellent benefits program.
The Society is the broad-based, multidisciplinary association
involving Canadians committed to the promotion of international
health and development.
Applications, including a cover letter that describes specific
qualities for this position, and a resume with the names of three
references, should be sent by 12 December, 1997 to Dr. Charles
Larson, Co-Chair, CSIH, One Nicholas St., Suite 1105, Ottawa, ON
KIN 7B7 (fax. 613-241-3845).
-------------------------------------------------
CENTRE FOR HEALTH AND POPULATION RESEARCH
ICDDR,B the Centre for Health & Population Research is a non-profit
international health research institution situated in Dhaka,
Bangladesh. Established under a charter of the Government of
Bangladesh, it is a premier international organization conducting
research and training in diarrhoeal disease and related areas of
public health, nutrition and reproductive health. The Centre is
supported by 21 countries, international organizations including WHO,
UNICEF and UNDP, and a variety of private foundations and
corporations.
The International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
(ICDDR,B) seeks to appoint a Health Economist for an initial period
of three years, starting January 01, 1998, which may be renewed for
an additional term of three years. The compensation package offered
is comparable to P4 in the UN/WHO system. Salary scales, rules and
regulations are similar to those followed by the UN/WHO.
The Health Economist will be responsible for all the research
activities relating to financing and sustainability of health and
family planning programmes of the USAID funded Operations Research
Project (ORP). S/he will lead a team to design and evaluate
interventions on improving cost-effectiveness and sustainability of
service delivery and provide technical assistance to the government
and the National Integrated Population and Health Program (NIPHP)
partners concerning health programme financing and sustainability
for replication in other areas of Bangladesh. S/he will be
responsible for appropriate scientific documentation and publication
of research results for wider dissemination.
The Health Economist will design interventions in three principal
areas, namely, Cost Recovery, Alternative Service Delivery
Strategies, and Increased Involvement of the Commercial Sector.
S/he will design test of alternative pricing schemes for selective
ESP services. The work will include designing and conducting
analyses of the following: willingness and ability to pay, demand
studies of the effect of price on utilization of health and family
planning studies, and cost analysis. Other activities include
designing and testing alternative service delivery approaches to
increase the use of static centres as well as to test networking
among intersectoral agencies, reviewing and conducting cost
analysis of current service delivery systems, and analysis of
consumers= utilization patterns and to increase the involvement of
the commercial sector in providing components of an essential
service package and development of strategies to enhance the range
and quality of family health services provided through the
commercial sector.
The Health Economist will work together with other teams within the
ORP to address cross-cutting issues between financial sustainability
and the improvement of managerial practices and quality of care.
For example, s/he will assist the management team to cost the ESP
interventions. S/he will also assist the other teams to cost their
interventions. The Health Economist will assist the Project
Director in preparation of various reports for the Centre, donors,
GoB, and other organizations. S/he will contribute to capacity
building of national staff in the design of interventions, data
analysis, and writing of reports.
The Health Economist will also be encouraged to analyse primary and
secondary data of the Project, write research papers, and publish in
peer reviewed journals.
The Health Economist position requires an individual with a doctorate
in Health Economics or doctorate in Economics with a specialization
in Health or Population, as well as training in public health
research. The Health Economist should have at least 5 years of
experience of conducting applied research in the health and
population field in developing countries. Previous experience in
South Asia is highly desirable. Must have an established track
record of relevant research and publications. The individual should
possess intellectual finesse and interpersonal skills to be able to
work cohesively in a multicultural setting and in a challenging
environment.
Applications for the above position with detailed curriculum vitae,
together with names and addresses and contact numbers of three
referees should be sent to the Director, Administration & Personnel,
ICDDR,B, GPO Box 128, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh by December 12, 1997.
Applications may also be sent to:
Fax: 880-2-871686 or e-mail: mahbubma@citechco.net
--------------------------------------------------
COLLEGE OF THE HOLY CROSS
The Economics Department invites applications for a tenure track
position beginning Fall 1998. Preference will be given to candidates
with concentrations in 2 of the 3 fields listed above. Holy Cross is
a highly selective 4-year college with a strong liberal arts curriculum
and special interdisciplinary programs in a variety of fields including
premedical training, gerontology, and environmental studies. Excellence
in teaching within a liberal arts environment is the main criterion for
selection, but a strong commitment to research, publication, and service
is also desirable. Ph.D. or proximate completion required. Interviews
will be conducted at the ASSA meetings in Chicago, January 3-5, 1998.
Appointments will be arranged in December. Submit cover letter,
curriculum vita, 3 letters of recommendation, graduate transcript, and
a research paper by December 5. An equal opportunity employer. CONTACT:
T.R. Gottschang, Economics Dept., Campus Box 152A, College of the Holy
Cross, Worcester, MA 01610-2395.
--------------------------------------------------
CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
The Health and Human Resources Division of the Congressional Budget
Office (CBO) has openings for analysts with an interest in federal human
resource programs and policies. Candidates with a background in health
policy, labor market analysis, or income security policy will be
considered.
The positions offer an opportunity to carry out original research on
topics of central importance to current legislative initiatives.
Products include CBO studies and memoranda, testimonies, and detailed
analyses of proposed legislation. Recently, the division has analyzed
options for reducing the rate of growth of spending in both Medicare and
Medicaid, expanding health insurance for children, altering Social
Security with the aging of the baby-boom generation, designing
alternative repayment schemes for federal student loans, and restricting
eligibility of immigrants for welfare benefits.
Applicants should have a Ph.D. in economics, a strong economic and
quantitative background; and the ability to write clearly. Candidates
with at least two years of post-Ph.D. experience in policy analysis are
preferred. CBO is an equal opportunity employer.
To apply, please send a resume, cover letter, brief writing sample, and
list of at least three references to David Delquadro, Personnel Officer,
Congressional Budget Office, Ford House Office Building, Room 410,
Washington, D.C. 20515. Refer to Vacancy Announcement #97-29. For more
information, please call (202) 226-2628. The FAX number is 202-225-7539.
Background information on CBO and access to its products is available on
the Internet at WWW.CBO.GOV.
--------------------------------------------------
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (USA)
The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Office
of the Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services is recruiting
to fill the position of Director, Division of Health Financing Policy.
This person serves as the Director for a Division which provides
leadership and staff support on a wide range of issues relating to the
Medicare and Medicaid programs, including legislative efforts related to
health care financing. The incumbent manages a division whose
responsibilities include analyzing and formulating alternative legislative
and regulatory proposals, evaluating the effectiveness of existing or
potential policies or programs, developing options to reduce health care
costs and analyzing the impact of various proposals on the existing
health care system.
Series and Grade: GS-343-15
Salary Range: $75,935 * $98,714 (including locality pay)
Area of consideration: All sources, including applicants who are not
current Federal employees.
Closing Date: December 9, 1997
For a copy of the complete vacancy annoucement call 202-619-3538.
--------------------------------------------------
UNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIRE
Centre for Research in Primary and Community Care (CRIPACC)
Faculty of Health and Human Sciences
PRINCIPAL LECTURER IN HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH
(£27 495 - £34 437 including local weighting) Ref: P1435
Principal lecturer for exciting new post in Health Services Research to
work collaboratively with local health services to further evidence based
practice for care of older people. Should have Health Services Research,
Health Economics, Change Management or Health Statistics background. Good
degree, communication skills and substantial research experience.
Readership available for suitable candidate. Closing date 18 December
1997. Interviews mid January 1998.
Informal enquiries to Professor Joy Townsend 01707 285249
j.l.townsend@herts.ac.uk
Application forms and further details from the Personnel Department,
University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Herts. AL10 9AB or telephone (01707)
284802 (24 hour answerphone) quoting appropriate Reference Number.
The University is an Equal Opportunities Employer
THE UNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIRE IS A REGISTERED CHARITY COMMITTED TO THE
FURTHERANCE OF EDUCATION
--------------------------------------------------
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS - CHICAGO
The College of Urban Planning and Public Affairs (CUPPA) and the
Institute of Government and Public Affairs (IGPA) of the University
of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) are seeking to fill one joint faculty position
in public economics and public policy beginning fall semester,
1998. We specifically seek candidates with an interest and experience
in applying economics (public finance, urban economics, or labor
economics) to policy issues. We have a preference for hiring at the
assistant professor level, but candidates for other ranks will be
considered. Candidates should have, or be near to completion of, a
Ph.D. in economics, public policy, or a related field. Salary will be
commensurate with experience. The position is subject to final
budgetary authorization
CUPPA is a teaching, research and service college of the University of
Illinois at Chicago, with graduate programs in Urban Planning and Policy
and in Public Administration. The college has a strong need for someone
interested in teaching economics, statistics and data analysis, and
topics courses in public economics and applied microeconomics in the
master and doctoral programs.
IGPA is a multi-disciplinary policy research and public service academic
unit with faculty appointments on the Chicago, Springfield and Urbana-
Champaign campuses of the University of Illinois. Because faculty in
IGPA are expected to undertake significant public service activities
appropriate to their particular skills and research interests, an
appointment in IGPA results in a reduced teaching load (the typical
teaching load is two courses per year).
Candidates should submit a letter of application, a current curriculum
vitae, a list of references, and a copy of a recent working paper or
publication. The University of Illinois is an Affirmative Action/Equal
Opportunity Employer. CONTACT: Therese McGuire, CUPPA-IGPA Faculty
Search Committee, Institute of Government and Public Affairs, University
of Illinois at Chicago, 815 West Van Buren Street, Suite 525, Chicago,
IL, 60607. For full consideration, applications should be received by
December 8, 1997.
--------------------------------------------------
UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
PROFESSOR (Forrest D. McKerley Chair in Health Economics)
The Whittemore School of Business and Economics is seeking applications
for the Forrest D. McKerley Chair in Health Economics. The appointment
will be to a tenure-track position in the Department of Economics at the
Full Professor level, beginning Fall semester 1998, with possible joint
appointments in related disciplines. The candidate must have a Ph.D. in
Economics and possess a distinguished record of publication in top-level
economic and health services research journals, a continuing record of
significant generation of external funds and demonstrated commitment to
cooperative efforts with industry and government. One responsibility of the
McKerley Chair will be to assist the State of New Hampshire in the
consideration and development of public policy. In addition, the Chair is
expected to teach at least two courses a year at the undergraduate and
Masters/Doctoral level, one of which is open to undergraduate students
enrolled in the professional programs affiliated with the UNH school of
Health and Human Services (e.g., health management and policy, nursing,
occupational therapy, communications disorders and social work.) Salary
will be commensurate with experience. Applicants should express mail a
letter of application, a current vitae, five letters of reference and
several samples of research along with evidence of external research
support to: Professor Neil B. Niman, Chair Search Committee, McConnell
Hall - Box MCK, 15 College Road, Durham, NH 03824-3593. Application
review to begin immediately and continue until the position is filled.
UNH is an AA/EEO Employer.
--------------------------------------------------
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA - CHAPEL HILL
Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research
The Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research at the University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is seeking a full-time Policy Associate
to assist the Center in meeting its research, analysis and public service
mission. The Policy Associate would lead the Health Professions Unit
within the Center and would have three major areas of responsibility:
1. The supervision and leadership of the staff of the Health Professions
Unit who collect, maintain and disseminate data describing health
professionals in the State of North Carolina and who assist in the
maintenance and dissemination of other state and national data bases
describing medical care use and need. 2. Serve as liaison and resource
for other units in the University which train and support health
professionals especially the statewide Area Health Education Centers
Program, the five health professions schools and the associated training
and educational institutions that support health professional education.
Act as liaison between the Center and policy makers in state government
and state and local professional associations. The incumbent will also
relate to national health professional policy bodies and research and
policy analysis organizations. 3. Serve both as an independent
researcher or a member of research teams involved in the analysis of
health professions data including the development of predictive models
for health professions supply and need. The products of this research
and analysis would be at a level which would be acceptable in major,
national, peer-reviewed scientific journals.
The person filling this position should have significant experience in
health professions policy development or policy analysis and research.
The individual must be capable of making effective public presentations
and representing the University of North Carolina and the Cecil G. Sheps
Center in a leadership role. A doctoral degree in the social sciences
is not a requisite but is highly desirable. A masters degree in public
health, public policy or administration, economics, political science,
sociology or a related field is required. A degree in a clinical
discipline would also be helpful to the incumbent. The incumbent must
be comfortable with data and data analysis and have significant
methodological skills.
The position will be located within the Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health
Services Research, a multidisciplinary research center which employs
over 100 professional and support staff involved in a wide range of
research and policy analysis projects. Salary and benefits will depend
upon experience and potential for success in a field with strong academic
orientation but which must also relate to the operating field of health
and medical care.
Interested individuals are asked to send a letter of interest along with
a curriculum vitae and the names and contact information for three
recent references to:
Thomas C. Ricketts, Ph.D., Deputy Director, Cecil G. Sheps Center for
Health Services Research, 725 Airport Road, Campus Box 7590, Chapel Hill,
NC 27599-7590; (919) 966-5541; fax (919) 966-5764; Internet:
Tom_Ricketts@unc.edu
--------------------------------------------------
PUBLIC POLICY INSTITUTE OF CALIFORNIA
VISITING FELLOWS PROGRAM
CALL FOR APPLICATIONS
November 1997
The Public Policy Institute of California (PPIC) invites applications
for its Visiting Fellows Program for 1998-99. Visiting Fellows spend up
to one year on-site at PPIC in San Francisco doing research on
demographic, economic, political, and social issues that affect the
lives of Californians. This research is expected to lead to monographs
or other reports published by PPIC, as well as articles published in
scholarly or professional journals. PPIC is currently conducting and
supporting research on demography and immigration, education, health
care, poverty and welfare, employment and income, environment, industry
and technology, housing and urban development, transportation and
infrastructure, justice and public order, political representation, and
state and local finance.
PPIC seeks Visiting Fellows from a wide range of disciplines to expand
its research capabilities and contribute to its research environment and
discussions. Selection criteria include previous research
accomplishments, shared research interests with other PPIC researchers,
the likelihood that the research will have a direct effect on public
policy or lead to fundamental advances in understanding a policy issue,
the relevance of the research to PPIC's current programs, and its
cost-effectiveness when compared to other PPIC research. PPIC does not
support partisan or advocacy research activities. It also does not
presently support doctoral dissertations.
Visiting Fellows receive salary support, office space, access to PPIC's
computer system, facilitated use of the library of the University of
California, Berkeley, and sometimes additional research support.
Visiting Fellows generally are faculty members on sabbatical or other
leave from universities, but policy researchers with experience in
government agencies, research institutes, or other organizations are
also encouraged to apply. Visiting Fellows for all or part of 1997-98
include Mark Baldassare (University of California, Irvine), Julian Betts
(University of California, San Diego), Therese McGuire (University of
Illinois, Chicago), Robert Plotnick (University of Washington, Seattle),
Paul Rhode (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill), and Fred Silva
(formerly of the California Senate Fiscal Staff).
PPIC was founded in 1994 by William Hewlett and Roger Heyns to help
policymakers and the public better understand current California policy
issues and anticipate future challenges. Fully supported by its
endowment, PPIC now has a multidisciplinary staff of more than 25
researchers conducting rigorous, non-partisan research. More
information on PPIC's research and staff is found on PPIC's web site,
www.ppic.org.
To Apply. Applicants should submit a two-page letter describing their
proposed research and dates in residence; a current resume including
education, publications, research grants and contracts, and previous
positions; and a financial statement listing current monthly salary,
amount requested from PPIC, and sabbatical or other financial support
available. Applications should be sent to Visiting Fellows Program,
Public Policy Institute of California, 500 Washington Street, San
Francisco, CA 94111. The application deadline is January 28, 1998.
PPIC will contact finalists by March 15, 1998.
* For Further Information:
* www.ppic.org-for general information about PPIC, its
researchers, and its research projects
* erp@ppic.org-for a quick response to questions about the
Visiting Fellows Program and inquiries about research topics
* (415) 291-4489-to speak to Shannon Goecke, administrative
coordinator
* (415) 291-4428-to send a fax
--------------------------------------------------
SASKATCHEWAN POPULATION HEALTH AND EVALUATION RESEARCH UNIT
This is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for a multitalented researcher
to build, lead, and shape the future of a health research centre of
excellence in Saskatchewan, the heartland of health care innovation.
SPHERU will be a two-university, nine-faculty centre, and is jointly
funded by the Health Services Utilization and Research Commission
(HSURC), the Government of Saskatchewan, and the Medical Research
Council of Canada (MRC).
The director's primary academic appointment may be at either the
University of Saskatchewan or the University of Regina, at the rank of
full or associate professor. Initially the appointment will be for a
five-year term, renewable; there may be later opportunities for a
tenured position. The director should be capable of qualifying for an
MRC Scientist or Scholar Award within a year of appointment.
The ideal candidate will have a strong research record, the ability to
select and guide high quality colleagues from a variety of disciplines
and the skills to establish relationships with key academic, health and
health care constituencies. The goal is developing a culture of "engaged
research" that will influence health practice and policy.
A full description of SPHERU and the director's position is available on
the HSURC website at www.sdh.sk.ca/hsurc/ or by contacting:
June Bold, HSURC, Box 46, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon SK S7N 0W8 ;
ph: 306-655-1502 fx: 306-655-1462 ; e-mail: boldj@sdh.sk.ca.
Apply to the above address, including your CV and three references.
Closing date is January 15, 1998 but may be extended at the discretion
of the SPHERU Board of Directors.
Both universities are committed to employment equity. In accordance
with Canadian immigration requirements, this advertisement is directed
to Canadian citizens and permanent residents.
--------------------------------------------------
UNIVERSITY OF SCRANTON
The Department of Health Adm. and Human Resources in the College of
Health, Education and Human Resources invites applications for a one
year, full-time, 9-month, non-tenure track, lecturer position in Health
Services Administration starting August 24, 1998. Tenured track
possible in future. Doctorate or ABD in Health Administration or Public
Health or related field from an accredited university for appointment
preferred. Appointment at the Instructor level requires completion of the
doctorate degree. Previous college teaching is desirable and relevant
professional work experience is required. Applicant should possess the
interest and/or ability to utilize computer technology for instruction.
Responsibilities include a 21 credit workload teaching undergradute and
graduate courses in research with some epidimology knowledge, operations
and information management, managed care and related health
administration areas. Excellence in teaching, scholorship, and service
is expected. Optional teaching may be available for Intersession
(January) and Summer Sessions. Release time for research is available.
The University of Scranton, one of 28 Jesuit colleges and universities,
currently serves students from 30 states and 34 foreign countries. The
University is proud of its mission in the Catholic and Jesuit tradition
and spirit, and the succesful candiate must be able to support this
mission enthusiastically through his or her work in the health adm.
field. The College of Health, Education, and Human Resources, one of
five colleges at the University, includes undergraduate and graduate
programs in Health Ad., Human Resources Adm., Nursing, Occupational
Therapy, Phhysical Therapy, Counseling, Human Services and Education.
Send letter of interst, curriculum vita, copy of transcripts, course
teaching interests, sample of scholarship, and the names, titles,
addresses, and telephone numbers of three references to Dr. Tony Sinay,
Search Committee Chair, 305A O'HAra HAll, The University of Scranton,
Scranton, PA 18510-4597, Telephone: 717-941-6218. Review of
appications will begin in JAn. 1998 and continue until the position is
filled.
The Department encourages applications from minorities, women, veterans,
and disableds persons. An EEO/Affirmative Action Employer.
Tony Sinay
--------------------------------------------------
TRIANGLE ECONOMIC RESEARCH
Durham, NC
Triangle Economic Research (TER) is a contract research firm that
provides research services and litigation support to private and
public clients. TER specializes in nonmarket valuation, including
natural resource damage assessment and health valuation. TER
currently has an opening for an MS or Ph.D. economist with 3 - 5 years
of experience in health economics. Candidates must have exceptional
writing, analytical, and quantitative skills. Good communication
skills are essential. Responsibilities include survey design, data
analysis, supervision of B.A. and masters-level economists,
preparation of technical reports and expert testimony, methods
development, and marketing. TER encourages and supports presentation
of original research papers at professional meetings and publication
in peer-reviewed journals. Compensation is competitive and includes
excellent fringe benefits, profit sharing, and a collegial working
environment. Starting date is flexible. Submit a complete resume, a
technical writing sample, and references. See www.ter.com for
further details. CONTACT: Holly Michael, Triangle Economic Research,
1000 Park Forty Plaza, Suite 200, Durham, NC 27713.
--------------------------------------------------
TULANE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER
The Department of Health Systems Management at the Tulane University School
of
Public Health and Tropical Medicine is seeking highly qualified applicants to
fill two new senior faculty positions. The successful applicants would
combine
excellent research and teaching skills in the area of health services
research.
The candidates would receive their academic appointment within the Department
and would work within the School's Institute for Health Services Research.
The
Institute houses several health economists, health services researchers, and
doctoral students actively involved in funded research. The Institute
serves a
central role within the Medical Center for coordinating health services
research.
The senior scholar can be appointed at either the associate or full professor
rank. As a senior member of the faculty, the candidate should posses a
demonstrated track record of superior academic research, and a national
reputation. A doctoral degree in economics, health policy, or health
services
research is preferred. Research interests should be either in the broad
area of
health care financing and insurance or in the area of clinical outcomes
research.
Candidates for the senior position in clinical outcomes should have a medical
degree and at least a master's degree in economics, economics, epidemiology
or
equivalent research skills. Collaborative research opportunities are
available
with Institute faculty, as well as other researchers throughout the
university
complex. In addition, the successful candidate would be expected to assume a
leadership role in working with junior faculty, as well as establishing his
or
her own line of funded research.
Review of candidates will start immediately. Applications will be accepted
through January 1998. Applicants should include a cover letter describing
research interests and qualifications, a curriculum vitae, and three
letters of
reference. The letters may be sent under separate cover. Direct all
inquiries
and applications to:
Kenneth E. Thorpe, Ph.D., Professor and Director, Institute for Health
Services
Research, Department of Health Systems Management, SL 29, Tulane University
Medical Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112 ; (504)
588-5171;
kthorpe@mailhost.tcs.tulane.edu
--------------------------------------------------
TULANE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER
The Department of Health Systems Management at the Tulane University School
of
Public Health and Tropical Medicine is seeking highly qualified applicants to
fill two new junior faculty positions. The appointment would be for a
12-month
period at the assistant professor rank. The successful applicant would
combine
excellent research and teaching skills in the area of health services
research.
The candidate would receive their academic appointment within the
Department and
would work within the School's Institute for Health Services Research. The
Institute houses several health economists, health services researchers, and
doctoral students actively involved in funded research. The Institute
serves a
central role within the Medical Center for coordinating health services
research.
As a member of the faculty, the candidate should possess early indicators of
superior academic research. A doctoral degree in economics, health policy,
or
health services research is preferred. Research interests should be either
in
the broad area of health care financing and insurance or in the area of
clinical
outcomes research. Candidates for the position in clinical outcomes should
hold
a medical degree and at least a master's degree in economics, statistics,
epidemiology or equivalent research skills. Collaborate research
opportunities
are available with Institute faculty, as well as other researchers throughout
the university complex. In addition, the successful candidate would be
expected
to assume a leadership role in working with other faculty in undertaking and
initiating new research.
Review of candidates will start immediately. Applicants will be accepted
through
January, 1998. Applications should include a cover letter describing
research
interests and qualifications, a curriculum vitae, and three letters of
reference.
The letters may be sent under separate cover. Direct all inquiries and
applications to:
Kenneth E. Thorpe, Ph.D., Professor and Director, Institute for Health
Services
Research, Department of Health Systems Management, SL 29, Tulane University
Medical Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112 ; (504)
588-5171;
kthorpe@mailhost.tcs.tulane.edu
--------------------------------------------------
WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY
GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HEALTH POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION
TITLE: Director, Graduate Program in Health Policy and Administration (May
be converted to Chair of new department in 1998)
TERM OF SERVICE: Twelve month, tenure track appointment available August 1,
1998
QUALIFICATIONS: Doctorate level degree in a field closely related to Health
Policy and Administration. Demonstrated research productivity and ability to
obtain research grants. At least five years of professional academic
experience and rank of at Associate or Full Professor required. Specialty
fields open.
DUTIES: Responsibilities include: administration of a graduate program with
four full-time, and ten part-time faculty and forty or more graduate
students; teaching one core or supporting course(s) per semester; conducting
research in specialty fields; advising and directing graduate student thesis
and internship programs; representing the Program in the University and
community.
CONTACT: Screening of applicants will begin February 1, 1998 and continue
until the position is filled. Applicants should send a curriculum vitae; the
names, addresses, phone, and fax numbers of three references; and a
statement of professional and research goals to:
Dennis Dyck, Ph.D., Chair, Search Committee
Washington State University at Spokane
W. 601 First Ave.
Spokane, WA 99201-3899
Phone: (509) 299-4501; FAX (509) 299-4664
WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY IS AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY/ AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
EDUCATOR AND EMPLOYER. Members of ethnic minorities, women, Vietnam era or
disabled veterans, persons of disability, and/or persons 40 and over are
encouraged to apply. WSU employs only US citizens and lawfully authorized
non-US citizens. All new employees must show employment eligibility
verifications as required by the US Immigration and Naturalization Service.
Accommodations for applicants who quality under the Americans with
Disabilities Act are available upon request.
--------------------------------------------------
YALE UNIVERSITY
The Division of Health Policy and Administration, Department of Epidemiology
and Public Health, announces postdoctoral fellowships in mental health
services
research and health services research sponsored by the National Institute
of Mental Health and the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research.
Physicians,
economists, sociologists, political scientists, or epidemiologists with
strong
quantitative skills who have interests in health and mental health services
and
policy, the health of vulnerable populations or pharmacoeconomics are
encouraged
to apply. Fellows are encouraged to interact closely with Yale faculty and
draw
upon the resources offered by a major research university. Stipends range
>from
$20,292 to $32,300 depending upon years of postdoctoral experience.
Postdoctoral
applications will be accepted until February 1, 1998. Awards will be
announced
in March, for fellowships of one or two years to begin in the summer of 1998.
Send a letter outlining research interests, curriculum vita, recent
publications
and 3 letters of recommendation. An equal opportunity-affirmative action
employer. CONTACT: Marie Young, Senior Administrative Assistant, Yale
University
School of Medicine, Dept. of Epidemiology & Public Health, 60 College St.,
P.O.
Box 208034, New Haven, CT 06520-8034.
============================================================================
FORTHCOMING ARTICLES
============================================================================
JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS, VOL. 15, NO. 5
Progressivity, horizontal equity and reranking in health care finance: a
decomposition analysis for the Netherlands
Wagstaff, Adam
Contracts and purchaser--provider relationships in community care
Forder, Julien
Adverse selection and the purchase of Medigap insurance by the elderly
Ettner, Susan L.
HYE and TTO: What is the difference?
Morrison, Gwendolyn C.
Contractual choice in the managed health care market An empirical analysis
Csaba, Ivan
Is the valuation of a QALY gained independent of age? Some empirical evidence
Johannesson, Magnus
QALYs and HYEs Spotting the differences
Gafni, Amiram
On the use of market prices to evaluate medical treatments
Johansson, Per-Olov
Medical costs in workers' compensation insurance: comment
Leigh, J. Paul
Medical costs in workers' compensation insurance: Reply
Baker, Laurence C.
--------------------------------------------------
MEDICAL CARE RESEARCH AND REVIEW, DECEMBER 1997
REVIEW ARTICLES
The Quality of Care of International Medical Graduates: How Does it Compare
to That of U.S. Medical Graduates?
Stephen S. Mick, Maureen E. Comfort
Competition Between For-Profit and Nonprofit Health Care Providers: Can it
Help Achieve Social Goals?
Richard A. Hirth
EMPIRICAL RESEARCH
Toward a Strategy for Reducing Potentially Avoidable Hospital Admissions
Among Home Care Clients
William G. Weissert, Jennifer Elston Lafata, Brent Williams,
Carol S. Weissert
DATA AND TRENDS
Omission-Related Malpractice Claims and the Limits of Defensive Medicine
Richard L. Kravitz, John E. Rolph, Laura Petersen
The Partnership for Long-Term Care: Who are the Partnership Purchasers?
Nelda McCall, Suzanne Driver, Ellen Bauer, James Knickman
Managed Care Penetration in Outpatient Substance Abuse Treatment Units
Jeffrey A. Alexander, Christy Harris Lemak
--------------------------------------------------
MEDICAL CARE RESEARCH AND REVIEW, MARCH 1998
REVIEW ARTICLE
Managed Care and Physician Referral
David E. Grembowski, Karen Cook, Donald L. Patrick,
Amy Elizabeth Roussel
EMPIRICAL RESEARCH
A Comparison of Hospital Utilization by Medicaid and Privately Insured
Patients
Margarete Arndt, Robert C. Bradbury, Joseph H. Golec, Paul M. Steen
Commentary
Janet B. Mitchell
Does Dissatisfaction with Access to Specialists Affect the Desire to Leave a
Managed Care Plan?
Eve A. Kerr, Ron D. Hays, Martin L. Lee, Albert L. Siu
Medicaid HMO Enrollees in the Emergency Room: Use of Non-Emergency Services
Patricia A. Butler
Cost-Effectiveness of Detecting Breast Cancer in Lower Socio-Economic Status
African-American and Hispanic Women through Mobile Mammography Services
Maurice E. Schweitzer, Michael T. French, Steven G. Ullman,
Clyde B. McCoy
DATA AND TRENDS
The Geographic Distribution of Physicians in the U.S. and the Concentration
of International
Medical Graduates
Robert M. Politzer, James M. Cultice, Alfred Meltzer
============================================================================
SUBSCRIPTION AND MEMBERSHIP INFORMATION
============================================================================
A subscription to eHEAL is included as a benefit of membership in
iHEA. Non-member subscriptions are not availible at this time.
iHEA has been formed to increase communication among health economists,
foster a higher standard of debate in the application of economics to
health and health care systems, and assist young researchers at the start
of their careers. Activities of the association include:
- Present the annual "Kenneth J. Arrow Award for Best Paper in Health
Economics."
- Hold biennial conferences, the first May 19-23, 1996 in Vancouver,
B.C. (640 delegates attended), and the second in June 7-11 1999 at
Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the third 2002 at CHE, York, England.
- Assist in the distribution of Journal of Health Economics and Health
Economics, and provide both publications at discounts to members.
- Publish a biannual newsletter, HEAL (Health Economics Analysis
Letters), and a monthly electronic newsletter, eHEAL
(electronic Health Economics Analysis Letters) listing upcoming
meetings, recent paper presentations, jobs, and professional commentary.
- Publish a series of books in health economics and a World Directory
of Health Economists listing individuals and organizations.
- Provide an electronic journal with internet dissemination and
peer-review of economic studies of policy, effectiveness, technology,
market structures and pharmaceuticals around the world.
The association will be involved in organizing other conferences and
sessions at affiliated meetings, obtaining peer- reviewers for journals and
grants, and similar professional activities. The founding officers are:
Director, Thomas Getzen, Temple University; President, Joseph
Newhouse, Harvard University; Vice-President: Alan Maynard, University of
York; Vice-President, Mark Pauly, University of Pennsylvania; Secretary,
Charles Hall, Temple University; Program Chair, Morris Barer, University of
British Columbia; Treasurer, Michael Morrisey, University of
Alabama-Birmingham; Associate Director, Karen Shirley. Other sponsoring
universities and organizations include Abt Associates, the American Medical
Association, the Danish Hospital Institute, John Hopkins University,
University of Michigan, RAND Corporation, Rutgers University, VA Management
Science Group, Mustard Seed Inc., and U.S. Healthcare Corporation.
To join as a charter member of iHEA, fill in the form below and send
in by e-mail or fax. Persons interested in health economics who do not wish
to become members are also encouraged to participate, and may be listed
in the directory. For further information please contact. Professor Thomas
Getzen, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA, Tel:
+1-215-204-6826, Fax: +1-215-204-3851. Email: getzen@astro.ocis.temple.edu
______________cut___cut______cut_____cut______cut____cut______cut___________
____
International Health Economics Association
*** iHEA ***
Application for Charter Membership and listing in World Directory
of Health Economists
Fill in the requested fields and return via e-mail to Thomas Getzen at
getzen@astro.ocis.temple.edu or fax +1-215-204-3851
[ ]Mr [ ]Ms [ ]Dr. [ ]Prof.
Name: Degree:
Primary Position & Organization:
Other Affiliation(s):
Address:
Telephone (Country Code) #:
Telephone #2(optional):
Fax:
Internet e-Mail address:
List up to 8 keywords indicating your primary interests (e.g., Primary
Care-Contracting, CEA of Heart Surgery, etc).
Keywords:
{Comment on information provided if necessary}:
__________________________________________________________________________
NOTE: iHEA does not encourage members to send their credit card numbers
via e-mail. Internet communications are not secure at this point in time.
Please indicate the amount and type of charges below and mail or fax your
payment separately.
Amount charged:
: ($35) 1998 Membership in iHEA including subscription to HEAL
newsletter and listing in directory. (You must join as a
member to receive discounted subscription rates. Type "no
listing" above if you do not wish to be listed.)
: ($65) personal member's subscription to Health Economics for 1998,
Volume 7.
: ($70) personal member's subscription to Journal of Health Economics
for 1998, Volume 17.
( ) Enters total to be charged or enclosed
If you are paying with credit card, please print the form below, and send
it via U.S. Mail or by fax to Thomas Getzen at the address listed below
[ ] Visa [ ] Mastercard or [ ] check payable to "iHEA" in $US
card # __ __ __ __ - __ __ __ __ - __ __ __ __ - __ __ __ __
expires: ___ ___
Signature: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Date: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
fax or mail to
Bill Swan
Associate Director - International Health Economics Association
3rd Floor, Abramsky Hall, Queen's University
Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6 CANADA
(613) 545-6000 x 4871 Tel
(613) 545-6353 Fax
swanb@post.queensu.ca
iHEA Web Site: http://qhp.queensu.ca/ihea
______________________________________________________________________________
iHEA is charitable 501(c)3 non-profit corporation.
======================================================================
W. David Bradford, Ph.D.
Visiting Professor of Medicine
School of Medicine
Yale University
Room IE-61 SHM
P.O. Box 208025
New Haven, CT 06520-8025
Phone: 203-737-2012
Fax: 203-785-3461
E-mail: <David.Bradford@yale.edu> or <wdb@christa.unh.edu>
(on sabbatical leave from University of New Hampshire)
======================================================================